Impacts of Social Media as Marketing Communication Tool on Digital Natives

Current work environment governed by technology, with social media as a platform to speed up the process of communication between its users. Users of the platform use technology to communicate, but sharing their ideas, and getting followers are other purposes of having different social media accounts. Digital Natives are the main users of social media, with all activities and elements of social media has impact on their behavior. As a result, researcher believe social media be used as a tool to influence digital native’s attitude. The usage of social media is evident in commercial businesses. Brands use this platform as means to create awareness and impact their customers, which digital natives as one of the most highly impacted population. Through recent and relevant literature, the purpose of this research is to examine social media usage as marketing communication tool, and its impact on digital native’s attitude. The finding of this paper has been driven from different literature, and study aims to develop future research on social media impacts on users and how brands implement their strategies by using driven impacts of social media. Keywords: Marketing Communication, social media, Digital Natives, Attitud

Improved guarantees for optimal Nash equilibrium seeking and bilevel variational inequalities

We consider a class of hierarchical variational inequality (VI) problems that subsumes VI-constrained optimization and several other important problem classes including the optimal solution selection problem, the optimal Nash equilibrium (NE) seeking problem, and the generalized NE seeking problem. Our main contributions are threefold. (i) We consider bilevel VIs with merely monotone and Lipschitz continuous mappings and devise a single-timescale iteratively regularized extragradient method (IR-EG). We improve the existing iteration complexity results for addressing both bilevel VI and VI-constrained convex optimization problems. (ii) Under the strong monotonicity of the outer level mapping, we develop a variant of IR-EG, called R-EG, and derive significantly faster guarantees than those in (i). These results appear to be new for both bilevel VIs and VI-constrained optimization. (iii) To our knowledge, complexity guarantees for computing the optimal NE in nonconvex settings do not exist. Motivated by this lacuna, we consider VI-constrained nonconvex optimization problems and devise an inexactly-projected gradient method, called IPR-EG, where the projection onto the unknown set of equilibria is performed using R-EG with prescribed adaptive termination criterion and regularization parameters. We obtain new complexity guarantees in terms of a residual map and an infeasibility metric for computing a stationary point. We validate the theoretical findings using preliminary numerical experiments for computing the best and the worst Nash equilibria

An Incremental Gradient Method for Optimization Problems with Variational Inequality Constraints

We consider minimizing a sum of agent-specific nondifferentiable merely convex functions over the solution set of a variational inequality (VI) problem in that each agent is associated with a local monotone mapping. This problem finds an application in computation of the best equilibrium in nonlinear complementarity problems arising in transportation networks. We develop an iteratively regularized incremental gradient method where at each iteration, agents communicate over a cycle graph to update their solution iterates using their local information about the objective and the mapping. The proposed method is single-timescale in the sense that it does not involve any excessive hard-to-project computation per iteration. We derive non-asymptotic agent-wise convergence rates for the suboptimality of the global objective function and infeasibility of the VI constraints measured by a suitably defined dual gap function. The proposed method appears to be the first fully iterative scheme equipped with iteration complexity that can address distributed optimization problems with VI constraints over cycle graphs. Preliminary numerical experiments for a transportation network problem and a support vector machine model are presented

Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Funding: F Carvalho and E Fernandes acknowledge support from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (FCT), in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of the Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy i4HB; FCT/MCTES through the project UIDB/50006/2020. J Conde acknowledges the European Research Council Starting Grant (ERC-StG-2019-848325). V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006.proofepub_ahead_of_prin

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic

Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Tuberculosis is a major contributor to the global burden of disease, causing more than a million deaths annually. Given an emphasis on equity in access to diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in global health targets, evaluations of differences in tuberculosis burden by sex are crucial. We aimed to assess the levels and trends of the global burden of tuberculosis, with an emphasis on investigating differences in sex by HIV status for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Methods We used a Bayesian hierarchical Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) platform to analyse 21 505 site-years of vital registration data, 705 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, and 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data to estimate mortality due to tuberculosis among HIV-negative individuals. We used a population attributable fraction approach to estimate mortality related to HIV and tuberculosis coinfection. A compartmental meta-regression tool (DisMod-MR 2.1) was then used to synthesise all available data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, population-based tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis cause-specific mortality, to produce estimates of incidence, prevalence, and mortality that were internally consistent. We further estimated the fraction of tuberculosis mortality that is attributable to independent effects of risk factors, including smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes, for HIV-negative individuals. For individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, we assessed mortality attributable to HIV risk factors including unsafe sex, intimate partner violence (only estimated among females), and injection drug use. We present 95% uncertainty intervals for all estimates. Findings Globally, in 2019, among HIV-negative individuals, there were 1.18 million (95% uncertainty interval 1.08-1.29) deaths due to tuberculosis and 8.50 million (7.45-9.73) incident cases of tuberculosis. Among HIV-positive individuals, there were 217 000 (153 000-279 000) deaths due to tuberculosis and 1.15 million (1.01-1.32) incident cases in 2019. More deaths and incident cases occurred in males than in females among HIV-negative individuals globally in 2019, with 342 000 (234 000-425 000) more deaths and 1.01 million (0.82-1.23) more incident cases in males than in females. Among HIV-positive individuals, 6250 (1820-11 400) more deaths and 81 100 (63 300-100 000) more incident cases occurred among females than among males in 2019. Age-standardised mortality rates among HIV-negative males were more than two times greater in 105 countries and age-standardised incidence rates were more than 1.5 times greater in 74 countries than among HIV-negative females in 2019. The fraction of global tuberculosis deaths among HIV-negative individuals attributable to alcohol use, smoking, and diabetes was 4.27 (3.69-5.02), 6.17 (5.48-7.02), and 1.17 (1.07-1.28) times higher, respectively, among males than among females in 2019. Among individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, the fraction of mortality attributable to injection drug use was 2.23 (2.03-2.44) times greater among males than females, whereas the fraction due to unsafe sex was 1.06 (1.05-1.08) times greater among females than males. Interpretation As countries refine national tuberculosis programmes and strategies to end the tuberculosis epidemic, the excess burden experienced by males is important. Interventions are needed to actively communicate, especially to men, the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. These interventions should occur in parallel with efforts to minimise excess HIV burden among women in the highest HIV burden countries that are contributing to excess HIV and tuberculosis coinfection burden for females. Placing a focus on tuberculosis burden among HIV-negative males and HIV and tuberculosis coinfection among females might help to diminish the overall burden of tuberculosis. This strategy will be crucial in reaching both equity and burden targets outlined by global health milestone

A review of social media marketing on digital savvy brand shoppers

Social Media (SM) has recently become a platform and a tool for both individuals and companies to communicate in a virtual platform. E-retails is another virtual platform where creates cybernetic communication between brands and customers. Companies create effective marketing strategy through both platforms to influence their customer behavior. On the other hand, digital savvy customers who prefer to take the advantage of saving time and have a convenience shopping experience, buying their desired products through e-shopping is another fact that makes digital marketers to implement new strategies to communicate with their customers. Thus, social media has become an effective tool to create an interaction to influence digital savvy shoppers. The purpose of this paper is to examine different aspects of social media as a tool that can develop marketing strategies and how they influence individuals who prefer to buy products through e-retails. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the impact of social media marketing on digital savvy brand shoppers. The scope of this review encompasses various literature reviews that has been done to illustrate a framework design to represent the impacts that social media has on a specific target audience. The research methodology used for this review involves a systematic literature review of relevant academic and industry publications. The contribution of this paper lies in providing insights into the effectiveness of social media marketing strategies for engaging digital savvy brand shoppers and improving brand loyalty. The findings of this paper represent how social media can influence e-shoppers and have impact on their decision-making process. On the other hand, the findings suggest that social media marketing can enhance brand awareness and influence consumer purchase decision through advertising, user-generated content, and social media influencers. The review also identifies key challenges and limitations of social media marketing for digital savvy brand shoppers

Determining the Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction among the Staff of NAJA Hospitals in Tehran in 2019

Aims: Job satisfaction is one of the important factors of job success and improves people's performance. Thus, the present study was conducted to investigate and prioritize the factors affecting job satisfaction among employees of hospitals affiliated to NAJA in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods: This was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of this study was all employees of hospitals affiliated to NAJA in Tehran, Iran in 2019. According to the volume of the mentioned population, a statistical sample of 640 people (340 men and 300 women) from the employees working in these hospitals was selected based on the Random Stratified Sampling technique and the number of people in each stratum. This study’s instrument was the Job Satisfaction Index (JDI) which was filled by the sampled individuals. Findings: The results of data analysis showed that age and job history had positive and significant relationships with job satisfaction (P<0.05), but there was no relationship between education and job satisfaction (p<0.05). The independent T-test was used to examine the relationship of gender, marital status, and type of employment with job satisfaction. The mean job satisfaction score of women was higher compared to men. There was no significant difference in job satisfaction between single and married participants. Moreover, people with a formal contract had higher job satisfaction. In order to determine the order of priority in employee job satisfaction, the Friedman test was used, which showed the first to fifth priorities influencing job satisfaction to be the variables of colleague, job, supervisor, payment, and promotion with average ranks of 4.28, 4.4, 3.62, 1.57 and 1.53, respectively. Conclusion: In general, the study results showed that age, gender, job history and type of contract are the components associated with the job satisfaction of employees of hospitals affiliated with NAJA in Tehran. Additionally, among the sub-components related to job satisfaction, the role of the colleague, supervisor, and the job itself is more prominent

Pharmacogenetics and drug-induced nephrotoxicity in renal transplant recipients

Introduction: The advent of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), as the leading immunosuppressive agents, not only has revolutionized the transplant medicine but also made it a better therapeutic intervention that guarantees the graft outcome and improves the survival rate of patients. However, genetic polymorphism(s) in the CNIs metabolic substrates genes (CYP3A4, CYP3A5) and their transporter such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) can influence the CNIs metabolism and elicit some possible systemic and intra-renal exposures to drugs and/or metabolites with differential risk of nephrotoxicity, jeopardizing the transplantation. Methods: In the current study, we review the recent literatures to evaluate the effects of genetic polymorphisms of the genes involved in development of chronic calcineurin nephrotoxicity and progression of chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) providing an extensive overview on their clinical impacts. Results: Identifying the inherited genetic basis for the inter-individual differences in terms of drug responses and determining the risk of calcineurin-mediated nephrotoxicity and CAD allow optimized personalized administration of these agents whith minimal adverse effects. Conclusion: Pharmacogenetics characteristics of CYP isoforms (CYP3A) and efflux transporters (P-gp and MRP), involved in metabolism and extracellular transportation of the immunosuppressive CNIs, can be of pivotal information in the pharmacotherapy of the renal-transplant recipient patients. Such information can be used for the successes clinical interventions to attain an improved drug administration strategy with reduced rates of rejection and toxicity

A microRNA isolation method from clinical samples

Introduction: microRNAs (miRNAs) are considered to be novel molecular biomakers that could be exploited in the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases. The present study aimed to develop an efficient miRNA isolation method from different clinical specimens. Methods: Total RNAs were isolated by Trizol reagent followed by precipitation of the large RNAs with potassium acetate (KCH3COOH), polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 and 6000, and lithium chloride (LiCl). Then, small RNAs were enriched and recovered from the supernatants by applying a combination of LiCl and ethanol. The efficiency of the method was evaluated through the quality, quantity, and integrity of the recovered RNAs using the A260/280 absorbance ratio, reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), and quantitative real-time PCR (q-PCR). Results: Comparison of different RNA isolation methods based on the precipitation of DNA and large RNAs, high miRNA recovery and PCR efficiency revealed that applying potassium acetate with final precipitation of small RNAs using 2.5 M LiCl plus ethanol can provide high yield and quality small RNAs that can be exploited for clinical purposes. Conclusion: The current isolation method can be applied for most clinical samples including cells, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues and even body fluids with a wide applicability in molecular biology investigations